Parts of Speech.

English Pronunciation

English:

English is a West Germanic language related to Dutch, Frisian, and German with a significant amount of vocabulary from French, Latin, Greek and many other languages.

English evolved from the Germanic languages brought to Britain by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and other Germanic tribes, which are known collectively as Anglo-Saxon or Old English. Old English began to appear in writing during the early 8th century AD.

Approximately 341 million people speak English as a native language and a further 267 million speak it as a second language in over 104 countries including the UK, Ireland, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands and Denmark.

English alphabet:

Pronunciation:

There are five vowels and twenty-one vowel sounds in English. The short and long vowel sounds together make 12 monophthongs and sliding vowels (diphthongs) are nine in number.

The monophthongs are twelve in number and are -

1. / ɪ /  (short vowel sound of ɪ)             e.g. pit, bit, hit

2. / ɪ: / (long vowel sound of ɪ)              e.g. me, see, key 

3. / e / (short vowel sound of e )            e.g. egg, leg, beg

4. / æ / (long vowel sound of æ)            e.g. pat, cat, hat

5. / ɑ: / (long vowel sound of ɑ:)             e.g. car, jar, par

6. / ɒ /   (short vowel sound of ɒ)             e.g. hot, pot, got

7. / ɔ: /  (long vowel sound of ɔ:)             e.g. all, doll, ball

8. / ʊ /  (short vowel sound of  ʊ)            e.g. hood, wood, should

9. / u: /  (long vowel sound of u:)             e.g. pool, cool, you 

10. / ʌ /  (short vowel sound of ʌ)            e.g. girl, pearl, ulcer

11. / ɜ: /  (long vowel sound of ɜ:)            e.g. fur, word, heard

12. / ə /  (short vowel sound of ə)            e.g. aloud, alone, gutter

Nine Diphthongs are : 

1. / eɪ /          e.g. name, date, bait

2. / əʊ /         e.g.  home, gone, moan 

3. / aɪ /          e.g. bye, my, sky

4. / ɑʊ /         e.g. now, how, brow

5. / ɔɪ /          e.g. boy, toy, joy

6. / ɪə /          e.g. here, dear, beer

7. / ɛə /          e.g. fair, dare, share

8. / ɔə /          e.g. board, hoard, pour

9. / ʊə /          e.g. your, pure, sure

Prepositions

Time

English	Usage	Example
On	days of the week	on Monday
In	months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?)	in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
At	for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?)	at night at the weekend at half past nine
Since	from a certain point of time (past till now)	since 1980
For	over a certain period of time (past till now)	for 2 years
Ago	a certain time in the past	2 years ago
Before	earlier than a certain point of time	before 2004
To	telling the time	ten to six (5:50)
Past	telling the time	ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until	marking the beginning and end of a period of time	from Monday to/till Friday
till / until	in the sense of how long something is going to last	He is on holiday until Friday.
By	in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time	I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages

Place (Position and Direction)

English	Usage	Example
in	room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world	in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
at	meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)	at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on	attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio	the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside	left or right of somebody or something	Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under	on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else	the bag is under the table
below	lower than something else but above ground	the fish are below the surface
over	covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle	put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above	higher than something else, but not directly over it	a path above the lake
across	getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side	walk across the bridge swim across the lake
through	something with limits on top, bottom and the sides	drive through the tunnel
to	movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed	go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed
into	enter a room / a building	go into the kitchen / the house
towards	movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)	go 5 steps towards the house
onto	movement to the top of something	jump onto the table
from	in the sense of where from	a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English	Usage	Example
from	who gave it	a present from Jane
Of	who/what does it belong to what does it show	a page of the book the picture of a palace
By	who made it	a book by Mark Twain
On	walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle	on foot, on horseback get on the bus
In	entering a car  / Taxi	get in the car
Off	leaving a public transport vehicle	get off the train
out of	leaving a car  / Taxi	get out of the taxi
By	rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horse riding)	prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus
At	for age	she learned Russian at 45
about	for topics, meaning what about	we were talking about you

Regular Verbs.

Infinitive	Past	Participle
Accept	Accepted	Accepted
Act	Acted	Acted
Achieve	Achieved	Achieved
Admire	Admired	Admired
Advise	Advised	Advised
Affect	Affected	Affected
Agree	Agreed	Agreed
Amaze	Amazed	Amazed
Amuse	Amused	Amused
Answer	Answered	Answered
Appear	Appeared	Appeared
Arrange	Arranged	Arranged
Arrive	Arrived	Arrived
Ask	Asked	Asked
Attack	Attacked	Attacked
Bake	Baked	Baked
Behave	Behaved	Behaved
Believe	Believed	Believed
Belong	Belonged	Belonged
Blame	Blamed	Blamed
Borrow	Borrowed	Borrowed
Bother	Bothered	Bothered
Call	Called	Called
Cancel	Canceled	Canceled
Carry	Carried	Carried
Cause	Caused	Caused
Celebrate	Celebrated	Celebrated
Clean	Cleaned	Cleaned
Clear	Cleared	Cleared
Climb	Climbed	Climbed
Close	Closed	Closed
Compare	Compared	Compared
Compete	Competed	Competed
Complete	Completed	Completed
Contain	Contained	Contained
Continue	Continued	Continued
Cook	Cooked	Cooked
Correct	Corrected	Corrected
Cough	Coughed	Coughed
Count	Counted	Counted
Crash	Crashed	Crashed
Create	Created	Created
Cross	Crossed	Crossed
Curse	Cursed	Cursed
Change	Changed	Changed
Chase	Chased	Chased
Chat	Chatted	Chatted
Check	Checked	Checked
Damage	Damaged	Damaged
Dance	Danced	Danced
Date	Dated	Dated
Decide	Decided	Decided
Deliver	Delivered	Delivered
Depend	Depended	Depended
Describe	Described	Described
Design	Designed	Designed
Destroy	Destroyed	Destroyed
Decrease	Decreased	Decreased
Die	Died	Died
Disagree	Disagreed	Disagreed
Discover	Discovered	Discovered
Discuss	Discussed	Discussed
Disturb	Disturbed	Disturbed
Dress	Dressed	Dressed
Dry	Dried	Dried
Eliminate	Eliminated	Eliminated
End	Ended	Ended
Enjoy	Enjoyed	Enjoyed
Entertain	Entertained	Entertained
Excuse	Excused	Excused
Exercise	Exercised	Exercised
Exhibit	Exhibited	Exhibited
Expect	Expected	Expected
Express	Expressed	Expressed
Film	Filmed	Filmed
Fill	Filled	Filled
Fish	Fished	Fished
Fix	Fixed	Fixed
Follow	Followed	Followed
Freeze	Freezed	Freezed
Fry	Fried	Fried
Greet	Greeted	Greeted
Guess	Guessed	Guessed
Hail	Hailed	Hailed
Handle	Handled	Handled
Happen	Happened	Happened
Hate	Hated	Hated
Help	Helped	Helped
Hope	Hoped	Hoped
Hunt	Hunted	Hunted
Identify	Identified	Identified
Ignore	Ignored	Ignored
Imagine	Imagined	Imagined
Impress	Impressed	Impressed
Improve	Improved	Improved
Include	Included	Included
Increase	Increased	Increased
Interview	Interviewed	Interviewed
Introduce	Introduced	Introduced
Invite	Invited	Invited
Jog	Jogged	Jogged
Join	Joined	Joined
Jump	Jumped	Jumped
Knock	Knocked	Knocked
Label	Labeled	Labeled
Land	Landed	Landed
Last	Lasted	Lasted
Learn	Learned	Learned
Like	Liked	Liked
Link	Linked	Linked
List	Listed	Listed
Listen	Listened	Listened
Live	Lived	Lived
Locate	Located	Located
Look	Looked	Looked
Love	Loved	Loved
Manage	Managed	Managed
Mark	Marked	Marked
Match	Matched	Matched
Measure	Measured	Measured
Mention	Mentioned	Mentioned
Miss	Missed	Missed
Move	Moved	Moved
Name	Named	Named
Need	Needed	Needed
Note	Noted	Noted
Notice	Noticed	Noticed
Number	Numbered	Numbered
Offer	Offered	Offered
Open	Opened	Opened
Order	Ordered	Ordered
Organize	Organized	Organized
Pack	Packed	Packed
Paint	Painted	Painted
Pamper	Pampered	Pampered
Pardon	Pardoned	Pardoned
Park	Parked	Parked
Participate	Participated	Participated
Pass	Passed	Passed
Perform	Performed	Performed
Pick	Picked	Picked
Plan	Planned	Planned
Play	Played	Played
Please	Pleased	Pleased
Practice	Practiced	Practiced
Predict	Predicted	Predicted
Prefer	Preferred	Preferred
Present	Presented	Presented
Program	Programmed	Programmed
Protect	Protected	Protected
Provide	Provided	Provided
Purchase	Purchased	Purchased
Push	Pushed	Pushed
Rain	Rain	Rain
Receive	Received	Received
Recommend	Recommended	Recommended
Relate	Related	Related
Relax	Relaxed	Relaxed
Release	Released	Released
Remember	Remembered	Remembered
Repair	Repaired	Repaired
Repeat	Repeated	Repeated
Resist	Resisted	Resisted
Rest	Rested	Rested
Return	Returned	Returned
Review	Reviewed	Reviewed
Sail	Sailed	Sailed
Save	Saved	Saved
Scan	Scanned	Scanned
Scare	Scared	Scared
Share	Shared	Shared
Shop	Shopped	Shopped
Shout	Shouted	Shouted
Skate	Skated	Skated
Slow	Slowed	Slowed
Sneeze	Sneezed	Sneezed
Snow	Snowed	Snowed
Solve	Solved	Solved
Spell	Spelled	Spelled
Start	Started	Started
Step	Stepped	Stepped
Stop	Stopped	Stopped
Stress	Stressed	Stressed
Study	Studied	Studied
Substitute	Substituted	Substituted
Suggest	Suggested	Suggested
Surprise	Surprised	Surprised
Talk	Talked	Talked
Taste	Tasted	Tasted
Terrorize	Terrorized	Terrorized
Thank	Thanked	Thanked
Touch	Touched	Touched
Travel	Traveled	Traveled
Try	Tried	Tried
Tune	Tuned	Tuned
Turn	Turned	Turned
Underline	Underlined	Underlined
Use	Used	Used
Vary	Varied	Varied
Wait	Waited	Waited
Walk	Walked	Walked
Want	Wanted	Wanted
Warn	Warned	Warned
Wash	Washed	Washed
Watch	Watched	Watched
Water	Watered	Watered
Welcome	Welcomed	Welcomed
Wish	Wished	Wished
Witness	Witnessed	Witnessed
Work	Worked	Worked
Worry	Worried	Worried
Wrestle	Wrestled	Wrestled